Nairobi National Park, established in 1946 as Kenya’s first national park, is a unique sanctuary where urban life meets untamed wilderness. Spanning just 117 square kilometers, this park is a biodiversity hotspot, home to over 100 species of mammals and more than 500 species of birds, as documented by the Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) and supported by research from the National Museums of Kenya.
Despite its proximity to Nairobi’s bustling cityscape, the park hosts an impressive range of wildlife, including four of the “Big Five”—lions, leopards, buffaloes, and rhinos. It boasts one of East Africa’s most successful black rhinoceros sanctuaries, playing a critical role in rhino conservation efforts, as highlighted in conservation studies published by the African Journal of Ecology.
Herbivores such as giraffes, zebras, wildebeests, elands, and impalas thrive alongside elusive predators like cheetahs, hyenas, and serval cats. The park’s diverse habitats—ranging from open savannahs and acacia woodlands to wetlands along the Mbagathi River—support both resident and migratory species. Its rich wildlife diversity, coexisting with Nairobi’s skyline, exemplifies the resilience of nature and the critical importance of urban conservation initiatives in the 21st century.
Carnivores at Nairobi National Park
🦊 Black-backed Jackal (Canis mesomelas)
The black-backed jackal is a common scavenger and opportunistic predator in Nairobi National Park. It has a reddish-brown body with a distinctive black saddle on its back. Jackals are monogamous, living in pairs or small family groups. They feed on small mammals, birds, insects, and carrion, often following larger predators to scavenge leftovers.
🐆 Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus)
Cheetahs are the fastest land animals, capable of reaching speeds up to 112 km/h in short bursts. In Nairobi National Park, they prefer open plains where they can spot and sprint after prey like gazelles. Cheetahs rely on stealth and speed rather than strength, often hunting during the day to avoid competition with larger predators like lions.
🐆 Leopard (Panthera pardus)
The elusive leopard is a master of stealth, preferring dense bush or rocky outcrops where it can ambush prey. Leopards are solitary and territorial, with a powerful build that allows them to drag prey up trees to avoid scavengers. Their rosetted coat provides excellent camouflage, making them difficult to spot unless you have a keen eye and a bit of luck.
🦁 Lion (Panthera leo)
As the apex predator of Nairobi National Park, lions live in prides consisting of related females and their offspring, with males defending territory. Lions are mostly active at night and during the cooler parts of the day, spending much of their time resting under shade. Their thunderous roars can be heard from kilometers away, adding to the wild ambiance of the park.
🐱 Serval Cat (Leptailurus serval)
The serval cat is a medium-sized feline with long legs, large ears, and a spotted coat. It’s an excellent hunter, capable of leaping high into the air to catch birds or pouncing on small mammals in the grass. Servals are solitary and elusive, often found in areas with tall grass and wetlands.
🦡 White-tailed Mongoose (Ichneumia albicauda)
The white-tailed mongoose is the largest mongoose species in Africa, recognizable by its bushy white tail. It’s nocturnal and solitary, preying on insects, small mammals, and reptiles. White-tailed mongooses are often seen trotting along game tracks at dusk or dawn, their glowing eyes reflecting safari vehicle lights during night drives.
Reptiles at NNP
🐊 Nile Crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus)
The Nile crocodile is Africa’s largest reptile, found basking along Nairobi National Park’s rivers and waterholes. These apex predators are ambush hunters, capable of explosive bursts of speed when capturing prey. Watching crocodiles silently glide through the water or sunbathe with their jaws open to regulate body temperature is both thrilling and eerie.
🐢 Leopard Tortoise (Stigmochelys pardalis)
Named for its beautiful, leopard-like shell pattern, the leopard tortoise is the largest tortoise species in Nairobi National Park. It’s a slow-moving, herbivorous reptile, feeding on grasses, succulents, and fruits. Tortoises are long-lived, with some individuals reaching over 50 years old. Their peaceful nature and distinctive shells make them a charming find during game drives.
Even-Toed Ungulates (Artiodactyla)
🦌 Impala (Aepyceros melampus)
The impala is one of the most common and graceful antelopes in Nairobi National Park, often seen in large herds grazing in open savannahs and woodlands. Males are distinguished by their long, lyre-shaped horns, while females are hornless. Known for their agility, impalas can leap up to 10 meters in a single bound, especially when evading predators like cheetahs or lions. Their alertness and coordinated escape tactics make them intriguing to observe during predator encounters.
🐃 African Buffalo (Syncerus caffer)
The African buffalo, also known as Cape buffalo, is a formidable and powerful member of the “Big Five.” Large herds are commonly spotted near Nairobi National Park’s water sources, with dominant males leading protective groups. Despite their bulky build, buffalos are surprisingly agile and can charge with great speed when threatened. Their unpredictable nature makes them one of Africa’s most dangerous animals, and watching a herd move in sync is both awe-inspiring and humbling.
🦌 Coke’s Hartebeest (Alcelaphus buselaphus cokii)
Coke’s hartebeest is an elongated, uniquely-shaped antelope with a sloping back, long legs, and a narrow face. Found grazing in Nairobi National Park’s open grasslands, hartebeests are social animals, forming herds led by dominant males. They are built for endurance, capable of running at sustained speeds to outlast predators like lions. Their comically awkward appearance belies their speed and agility.
🦒 Masai Giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis tippelskirchi)
The Masai giraffe, the tallest land mammal, roams Nairobi National Park’s acacia woodlands with elegance. Identified by its jagged, irregular spots, it uses its long neck to browse on high tree canopies. Giraffes are social, forming loose herds, and males engage in “necking” battles, swinging their necks to assert dominance. Observing a giraffe’s graceful gait or a calf nursing from its mother is always a safari highlight.
🦌 Thomson’s Gazelle (Eudorcas thomsonii)
Small, sleek, and fast, Thomson’s gazelle, affectionately known as “Tommies,” are abundant in Nairobi National Park’s open plains. With distinctive black side stripes and white underbellies, these agile antelopes can reach speeds of up to 80 km/h, making them a favorite prey for cheetahs. Their signature “stotting” behavior—leaping high with stiff legs—is a fascinating defense tactic against predators.
🦌 Wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus)
Also known as the blue wildebeest, these robust, shaggy-coated antelopes are often seen in mixed herds with zebras. Wildebeests are famous for their synchronized migrations, although in Nairobi National Park, they tend to be more resident. Their clumsy appearance contrasts with their surprising speed and endurance, particularly when evading predators during the dramatic chase scenes common in the park.
🦌 Grant’s Gazelle (Nanger granti)
Slightly larger than Thomson’s gazelle, Grant’s gazelle is an elegant species with long, slender horns in both sexes and a cream-colored belly without the bold black stripe seen in Tommies. They prefer open grasslands and can survive without direct water sources for long periods, deriving moisture from the vegetation they consume. Their striking horns and graceful posture make them photogenic subjects on safari.
🦌 Eland (Taurotragus oryx)
The eland is Africa’s largest antelope, with both males and females sporting spiral-shaped horns. Despite their massive size, elands are surprisingly agile and capable of jumping over two meters from a standing position. They are often seen browsing in the park’s wooded areas, moving in small herds. Males have a distinctive clicking sound produced by their knees, which is believed to attract females and signal dominance.
🐗 Warthog (Phacochoerus africanus)
Easily recognizable by their large tusks and warty facial protrusions, warthogs are a common sight in Nairobi National Park. Despite their comical appearance and habit of running with their tails held upright like antennae, warthogs are tough survivors, using their speed and aggression to evade predators. They often kneel on their front legs while grazing and are frequently seen near waterholes or sharing burrows with other animals.
🦌 Waterbuck (Kobus ellipsiprymnus)
Waterbucks are large, shaggy antelopes usually found near Nairobi National Park’s rivers and marshes. Males have impressive spiral horns, and both sexes are distinguished by a white ring on their rump, humorously referred to as the “toilet seat” mark. They are strong swimmers and often retreat into water bodies when threatened. Watching waterbucks browse lazily along riverbanks is a serene safari moment.
🦌 Bohor Reedbuck (Redunca redunca)
This shy, medium-sized antelope prefers dense reeds and marshy areas near water bodies. Males have short, backward-curving horns, while females are hornless. They are often solitary or seen in small groups, grazing on grasses. Bohor reedbucks are elusive, relying on camouflage and stealth to avoid predators, making sightings a rewarding experience for keen-eyed safari-goers.
🦌 Suni (Neotragus moschatus)
The suni is a tiny, secretive antelope often found in dense thickets within Nairobi National Park. Standing only about 30 cm tall, it has a reddish-brown coat, large eyes, and short, sharp horns in males. These shy antelopes are browsers, feeding on leaves, fruits, and shoots. Their small size and elusive nature make them a rare but delightful sight during a safari.
🦌 Common Duiker (Sylvicapra grimmia)
The common duiker is a small antelope that thrives in Nairobi National Park’s bushy areas. It has a grayish-brown coat, a white belly, and short, backward-pointing horns in males. Duikers are incredibly shy, often seen dashing into the undergrowth at the first sign of danger. They are versatile feeders, consuming leaves, fruits, and even small insects.
🦌 Bushbuck (Tragelaphus scriptus)
Bushbucks are medium-sized, solitary antelopes often found near thick vegetation or riverine forests. Males are larger and have sharp, spiraled horns, while females are hornless. Their coats are reddish-brown with white spots and stripes. Bushbucks are browsers, feeding on a variety of vegetation. They are elusive but can be spotted during quiet morning or evening drives.
Odd-Toed Ungulates (Perissodactyla)
🦓 Common Zebra (Equus quagga)
The common zebra is one of Nairobi National Park’s most iconic residents, easily recognized by its striking black-and-white stripes. These social animals live in harems led by a dominant stallion, with strong bonds among females and their offspring. Each zebra’s stripe pattern is unique, much like a human fingerprint. Watching zebras graze peacefully, occasionally breaking into playful gallops, adds vibrant energy to the landscape.
🦛 Hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius)
Hippos are found in Nairobi National Park’s rivers and waterholes, spending most of their time submerged to keep cool. Despite their bulky appearance, hippos are highly territorial and can be surprisingly aggressive, especially in the water. They graze on land at night, often venturing considerable distances. Observing a pod of hippos with only their eyes and nostrils visible above the water’s surface is a classic safari sight.
🦏 White Rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum)
The white rhinoceros, reintroduced to Nairobi National Park, is the larger and more social of the two rhino species found here. With its wide, square mouth adapted for grazing, the white rhino is often seen in small groups grazing in open grasslands. Despite their size and formidable horns, white rhinos are generally docile unless provoked. Conservation efforts have been crucial in maintaining their population within the park.
🦏 Black Rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis)
The black rhinoceros, native to the region, is smaller and more aggressive than the white rhino. It has a hooked lip adapted for browsing shrubs and trees. Black rhinos are solitary and more elusive, often hiding in thick bush. Their unpredictable nature makes sightings thrilling, and Nairobi National Park is one of the best places to observe them in the wild due to intensive conservation efforts.
Primates
🐒 Olive Baboon (Papio anubis)
Olive baboons are highly adaptable primates commonly seen along Nairobi National Park’s roadsides and open areas. They live in large troops with complex social hierarchies. Baboons are omnivorous, feeding on fruits, roots, insects, and occasionally small animals. Their mischievous behavior, such as raiding picnics or vehicles, provides endless entertainment, though visitors are advised to keep a respectful distance.
🐒 Sykes’ Monkey (Cercopithecus albogularis)
Also known as the white-throated monkey, Sykes’ monkey is found in Nairobi National Park’s forested areas. It has a dark grayish-blue coat with a distinctive white throat patch. These arboreal monkeys are agile climbers and live in social groups, feeding on fruits, leaves, and insects. Their curious nature often brings them close to safari vehicles, making for excellent photo opportunities.
🐒 Vervet Monkey (Chlorocebus pygerythrus)
Vervet monkeys are small, agile primates with a grayish coat, black face, and striking blue skin around their genitals. They are common throughout the park, often seen foraging on the ground or leaping through trees. Vervets are highly intelligent and adaptable, known for their alarm calls that vary depending on the type of predator nearby.
Wildlife Population at Nairobi National Park
As per recent census, the park hosts a diverse mix of mammals, reptiles, and birds, showcasing the resilience of urban-adjacent ecosystems. From large herbivores like buffaloes and zebras to elusive carnivores like leopards and cheetahs, the park offers an unparalleled safari experience within city limits. Here’s a detailed table showcasing the estimated population of various animal species within the park:
Wildlife Population Table
| Category | Species | Estimated Population |
|---|---|---|
| Even-Toed Ungulates | Impala | 1,641 |
| Buffalo | 988 | |
| Coke’s Hartebeest | 546 | |
| Maasai Giraffe | 147 | |
| Thomson’s Gazelle | 108 | |
| Wildebeest | 95 | |
| Grant’s Gazelle | 91 | |
| Eland | 89 | |
| Warthog | 40 | |
| Waterbuck | 22 | |
| Bohor Reedbuck | 3 | |
| Suni | 2 | |
| Duiker | 2 | |
| Bushbuck | 1 | |
| Odd-Toed Ungulates | Common Zebra | 304 |
| Hippopotamus | 32 | |
| White Rhino | 19 | |
| Black Rhino | 10 | |
| Primates | Baboon | 135 |
| Sykes’ Monkey | 8 | |
| Vervet Monkey | 5 | |
| Carnivores | Black-backed Jackal | 7 |
| Cheetah | 4 | |
| Leopard | 3 | |
| Lion | 3 | |
| Serval Cat | 3 | |
| White-tailed Mongoose | 2 | |
| Reptiles | Crocodile | 10 |
| Leopard Tortoise | 1 | |
| Birds | Ostrich | 425 |
| Secretary Bird | 161 | |
| Crowned Crane | 29 | |
| Martial Eagle | 11 | |
| Black & White Colobus | 7 | |
| African Fish Eagle | 1 |
Key Takeaways
- High-Density Herbivores: Impalas, buffaloes, and zebras dominate the landscape, creating spectacular scenes during game drives.
- Rare Carnivore Sightings: Despite being elusive, predators like leopards, cheetahs, and lions add a thrilling element to the park’s biodiversity.
- Birdwatching Paradise: With species like ostriches, crowned cranes, and martial eagles, Nairobi National Park is a hotspot for bird enthusiasts.
- Critical Rhino Sanctuary: The park plays a vital role in black and white rhinoceros conservation, offering one of the few places globally where these species thrive so close to an urban area.
This diverse mix of species underscores Nairobi National Park’s significance as a unique urban wildlife sanctuary, balancing conservation efforts with proximity to city life.
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) About Animals and Wildlife in Nairobi National Park
1. What animals can I see in Nairobi National Park?
Nairobi National Park is home to over 100 species of mammals, including lions, leopards, cheetahs, rhinos (both black and white), giraffes, buffaloes, zebras, elands, hartebeests, hippos, and a wide variety of antelope species. You can easily spot herbivores and few carnivores as well as several bird species.
2. Are there lions in Nairobi National Park?
Yes, Nairobi National Park has a healthy population of lions. They are often seen around the savannah areas and near the Mbagathi River. Lions occasionally wander outside the park boundaries, but park rangers quickly respond to ensure both animal and public safety.
3. Can I see the Big Five in Nairobi National Park?
You can see four of the Big Five—lions, leopards, buffaloes, and rhinos (both black and white)—but elephants are not found within Nairobi National Park. For a full Big Five experience, consider combining your visit with other parks like Amboseli or Maasai Mara.
4. Are there rhinos in Nairobi National Park?
Yes, the park is a sanctuary for both black and white rhinos, making it one of the best places in Kenya to see these endangered species. The park has played a critical role in rhino conservation efforts.
5. What is the best time to see wildlife in Nairobi National Park?
Early mornings (6:00–9:00 AM) and late afternoons (4:00–6:30 PM) are the best times for wildlife viewing when animals are most active. The dry season (June to October) offers the best visibility as animals gather around water sources.
6. Are there giraffes in Nairobi National Park?
Yes, Maasai giraffes are commonly seen grazing in the park. They are often found in open grasslands and acacia-dotted areas.
7. Is it safe to go on a safari in Nairobi National Park?
Yes, safaris in the park are safe when conducted with certified guides and within designated safari vehicles. Visitors should follow park rules, such as staying inside vehicles and avoiding close contact with wildlife.
8. Can I see cheetahs in Nairobi National Park?
Yes, cheetahs are present but can be elusive. They prefer open plains where they can use their speed to hunt. Sightings often require patience and a knowledgeable guide.
9. Are there crocodiles and hippos in Nairobi National Park?
Yes, both crocodiles and hippos are found along the Mbagathi River and in the park’s wetlands. The Hippo Pools area is a popular spot to observe them safely from designated viewpoints.
10. Are there primates in Nairobi National Park?
Yes, the park hosts primate species such as baboons, vervet monkeys, and Sykes monkeys. They are commonly seen near forested areas and rivers.
11. How many bird species are found in Nairobi National Park?
The park boasts over 500 species of birds, including ostriches, secretary birds, crowned cranes, martial eagles, and various migratory species. It’s a top birdwatching destination, especially during the migration seasons.
12. Are there any dangerous animals in Nairobi National Park?
Yes, Nairobi National Park has large predators like lions, leopards, and hyenas. However, safaris are safe if you follow park guidelines and stay inside your vehicle. Park rangers and guides are trained to handle wildlife encounters responsibly.
13. Do animals ever leave Nairobi National Park?
Occasionally, animals like lions have been known to wander outside the park boundaries due to its open southern side. The Kenya Wildlife Service responds quickly to such situations to ensure public safety and the animals’ well-being.
14. Are there night game drives in Nairobi National Park?
No, night game drives are not allowed within Nairobi National Park. The park operates from 6:00 AM to 6:00 PM to ensure both visitor and wildlife safety.
15. What are the rarest animals to spot in Nairobi National Park?
Leopards and black rhinos are among the rarest to spot due to their elusive and solitary nature. Additionally, species like the serval cat and white-tailed mongoose are also rare sightings.
16. Can I go on a walking safari in Nairobi National Park?
Yes, there are designated walking trails, such as near the Hippo Pools, where armed rangers guide visitors. However, walking safaris are limited to specific areas for safety reasons.
17. Are there snakes in Nairobi National Park?
Yes, the park is home to several snake species, including pythons and cobras, but snake encounters are rare. They tend to avoid humans and are more active in the early mornings or evenings.
18. How big is Nairobi National Park?
The park covers approximately 117 square kilometers (45 square miles). Despite its relatively small size, it supports a diverse range of wildlife due to its varied ecosystems.
19. Are there elephants in Nairobi National Park?
No, Nairobi National Park does not have wild elephants. However, you can see rescued elephants at the nearby David Sheldrick Elephant Orphanage, located just outside the park.
20. Can I camp in Nairobi National Park?
Yes, there are designated public and private campsites within the park, including Nairobi Tented Camp. Camping allows for an immersive experience, with the sounds of wildlife around you at night.